Harvard Outreach Newsletter
137th Issue, January 2025
In this issue:
- In the USA, what’s the difference between a college and a university?
- World university rankings 2025
- Russell Group university rankings 2025
- The Top Ten
- Which universities are ranked the highest for particular subjects?
- Standardized tests - should I still take them?

In the USA, the words ‘college’ and ‘university’ refer to different types of academic institution.
A college is any institution that provides undergraduate degrees. If the institution also undertakes research and provides masters degrees and PhDs, it is called a university.
So, Harvard University is composed of:
- Harvard College (the undergraduate school that some of you have applied to);
- plus 12 Graduate Schools in the various specialties you can see listed in the diagram above.
World University Rankings 2025

At US College Fairs, the Harvard Club of the UK’s alumni volunteers are sometimes asked: ‘Is there a US equivalent to the Russell Group universities in the UK?’ The short answer is ‘no’, but if you want a rough comparison between the Russell Group (the top 24 UK research universities) and other world universities, then you should find out where they sit in the world university rankings.
Universities that appear in the same area of the tables are likely to be of a similar calibre – but you should be cautious about reading too much into this, because (1) the organisations that produce world rankings use different assessment criteria, so the ranking of a particular university can vary wildly between different tables; and (2) there are many other criteria besides world ranking that you should use to determine which colleges make it to your shortlist. The criteria include:
- Admissions requirements – how do your achievements compare with typical students who gain admission?
- Courses – what is your most likely major, and your desired balance between optional and required courses?
- Cost – which colleges provide financial aid for international students?
- Location – which part of the US do you wish to be based, and do you want to be in a city, suburban or rural environment?
- Size – do you prefer to be in a setting with just a few hundred students or a large campus with many thousands?
- Diversity – What is the proportion of women to men? International to American students? Black and minority ethnic students to white students?
- Extracurricular interests – do you have an extracurricular interest that you cannot possibly do without?
Rather than asking yourself: which are the best universities?
a better question would be: which universities are the best fit for my particular needs and interests?
You should consider all of the criteria above as well as the ranking data to ensure that your final choices are the best fit possible. If a particular US college or UK university satisfies all your requirements, then you should still apply regardless of its world ranking. Nevertheless, if you want to check where your US college shortlist sits in comparison to other universities both within and outside the UK, the two main world ranking sites are:
QS World University Rankings 2025 (US)
Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2025 (UK)
Important note: the rankings are based on the performance of the whole university including all of its graduate schools, not just the undergraduate college.
Russell Group university rankings 2025
Let’s start by looking at where the UK’s top 24 research universities (known as the ‘Russell Group’) are ranked compared with other universities around the world.
Most, but not all, Russell Group universities come within the top 150, so a very rough rule of thumb is that any university that comes within that range will be on a par with the Russell Group. But do bear in mind that there are still many excellent US colleges outside the top 150. Here are the current placings of Russell Group universities on the two main ranking sites in the US and UK:

The Top Ten
The top universities in the world are ranked slightly differently by the two websites. The entire top ten on the Times Higher Education World Ranking are from the US or UK, whereas universities from Switzerland and Singapore are ranked 7th and 8th in the QS top ten.

Which universities are ranked the highest for particular subjects?
QS World University Rankings also produces rankings by subject.
As mentioned in the previous section, it is important to remember that the rankings are assessed by looking at both graduate and undergraduate programs at each university, so just because an institution is best in the world for a particular subject area doesn’t necessarily mean you can take a course in that subject as an undergraduate.
For example, in the tables below, Harvard is ranked No. 1 in the world for medicine, law, and business studies, as it has first class graduate schools in these three disciplines. But you cannot specialize in any of them at undergraduate level. This is because, in America, professional degrees such as medicine and law are taken at post-graduate level. The purpose of an undergraduate degree is to provide you with a broad education across the arts and sciences, so that by the time you graduate, you will have more than one career option open to you.
Nevertheless, it is still possible to take preparatory courses in medicine and law at Harvard College (the undergraduate school of Harvard University) to help you prepare for going on to medical school or law school after you graduate.
The universities which QS ranked the highest in each subject in 2024 (the latest year for which figures are available) are shown below, classified under five broad subject areas.





Times Higher Education (THE) also produces World University Rankings by subject, but classifies its data more broadly within 11 subject areas:

Standardized tests - should I still take them?
In the May 2024 edition of this newsletter we noted that standardized testing is now compulsory again at Harvard and some other US colleges. The policy was reintroduced following research published in 2023 which found that although SAT and ACT tests were not unbiased, other measures, such as recommendation letters, extracurriculars and student essays are even more prone to bias. The Harvard College Admissions Office decided that the reintroduction of compulsory standardized testing, alongside other factors considered by the Admissions Committee as part of the whole person review, will help to create a more balanced applicant pool and increase socioeconomic diversity.
If you don’t like tests, remember that the majority of US colleges are still test optional or test free. According to FairTest, over 2,100 four-year colleges will not require standardized test scores for those applying in the autumn of 2025. Of those, over 2,015 are test optional, and over 85 are test free. For a full list of test optional and test free colleges, see the FairTest website.
If you get good scores when you try out the free online practice tests, it can only help your application to take and submit them, even if the colleges to which you are applying are all test optional. Good test scores will enhance your academic profile when your application is reviewed by the admissions officers. If you decide to take them, start practising now!
If you are in Year 12 (England & Wales), S5 (Scotland) or Year 13 (N. Ireland), and you are thinking of applying to American colleges next Autumn, then you should start practising for the SAT or ACT now, with a view to sitting them in April, May or June. US colleges accept both tests equally – it doesn’t matter which one you take. They are mostly multiple choice, but they are structured differently so try them both and go with whichever style of exam you prefer. See below for links to the free online practice tests.
For the SAT, free online practice tests are also provided by the Khan Academy
For the ACT, free online practice tests are also provided by Kaplan
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